E hele make i mua hoʻomohala no ka dyeing o kelulose'ākeka, a i ka wai-insoluble. Ka make i finely wāwahi ihola ma loko o ka alo o ka hoʻonoho liʻiliʻi ia i hope, a kūʻai liloʻia aku me he kāpili ma luna, a me kaʻehu-maloo, a kūʻai liloʻia aku me he lepo lā. Lākou ka papa kuhikuhiE hoʻohana mea e make polyester, akā, ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana pū i ka make nylon, kelulose triacetate, a me acrylic olona. I kekahi manawa, he dyeing mahana o ka 130 ° C (266 ° F) ua koi, a me ka pressurized dyebath ua hoʻohana 'ia. Ka loa keia o ke huna nui i hāʻawi mai i ka nuiʻilikai āpana e kōkua iā ia, noho male 'ana, e ae uptake ma ka puluniu. Ke dyeing kōmi hiki ke me ka nui loa 'ole ma ke koho ana o ka hoʻonoho liʻiliʻi ia i Agena hoʻohana i ka wili.

ʻAkika make i ka wai-wailana anionic make i e noi i ka olona, ​​e like me silika, hulu hipa, nylon a Hoʻololi 'acrylic olona, ​​ka hoʻohana'ākilikai iʻakika kalameaʻai bato. IeIIeYOA i ka puluniu ua wahi, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa o kekahi, a hiki i ka paakai ho okumu ma waena o anionic hui i loko o ka make a me ka cationic hui ma ka puluniu. ʻAkika make i ole substantive i cellulosic olona. Most kemikalaʻai'ōniʻoniʻo hāʻule i loko o kēia waeʻano.

XIX. Make i ka wai-wailana cationic make i meaʻano nui pili i ka acrylic olona, ​​akā, loaʻa kekahi hoʻohana no ka hulu hipa a me ka silika. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO aceticʻakika ua hou a hiki i ka kalameaʻai bata, e kōkua i ka uptake o ke kalameaʻai ma luna o ka puluniu. i XIX. make i hoʻohana 'ia ma o ka coloration o ka pepa.

VAT make iʻano nui insoluble i ka wai a me ka incapable o dyeing olona 'ana. Naʻe, ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o kona'ākilikai waiona produces ka wai-wailana mekala 'åkilikai metala paakai o ka kalameaʻai. Kēia palapala He pinepine colorless, ma i ina ka mea, ua haawiia i like me ka Leuco kalameaʻai, a mai ka Solomona no ka lole puluniu. Mahope'okesaside nā mea hoʻololi i ka palapala insoluble kalameaʻai. Ke ano o ka lua mai o ka manawa i ka indigo, ka mua VAT kalameaʻai.

Direct make i maʻamau a lawe mai i loko o ka'ākilikai paha iki'ākilikai kalameaʻai auau, ma paha kokoke hoolapalapa wahi, me ka hou ana o kekahi paʻakai koloriside (NaCl) a me ka paʻakai sulufahate (Na2SO4) a me ka paʻakai kalepona (Na2CO3). e hoʻohana Direct make ma ka pulupulu, pepa, ili, hulu hipa, a me ka silika nylon. Ka mea, i kekahi hoʻohana like pH nā hoailona, ​​a me liluwelo kohu.

Luaipele make i inexpensive make hoʻohana i ka make pulupulu me ka pouli waihoʻoluʻu. Dyeing ua ua hoʻololiʻia ma ka paio hahana maoli nō i ka lole ma ka pāʻoihana o ka ke aloha i huiʻia, nō kāu he nitrophenol derivative, a me ka sulfide paha polysulfide. Na ke aloha i huiia reacts me ka sulfide kumu e lilo pouli waihoʻoluʻu e hoopili aku i ka lole. Luaipele Black 1, ka nui i kuai kalameaʻai ma ka buke, 'aʻole i loaʻa ka luawai hoakaka Nine Inch' ole.